Domestic Violence Prevention and Enforcement
Ingham County Prosecutor
303 W. Kalamazoo St.
Lansing, MI 48933
To contact Maria Valayil at the Domestic Violence Prevention program click here.
The Capital Area Family Violence
Coordinating Council Presents:
A Survivor=s Handbook:
You Have The Right To Live A Life Free Of Violence
The CAFVCC includes representatives from:55th District Court Probation Office
65A District Court Probation Office
Capital Area Response Effort (CARE)
Capital Area Humane Society
Central Diagnostic and Referral Service
The Community of Faith
Court Appointed Special Advocate
East Lansing Police Department
Edwards Photographic Studio
End Violent Encounters/EVE=s (formerly the Council Against Domestic Assault/CADA)
Gateway Community Services
Highfields, Inc.
Ingham County Family Court
Ingham County Family Independence Agency
Ingham County Personal Protection Order Office
Ingham County Prosecutor=s Office
Ingham County Sheriff=s Office
Lansing OB/GYN Associates
Lansing Police Department
Lansing Township Police Department
Legal Services of South Central Michigan
Marina Levine Rehab Services
Mason Police Department
Meridian Public Safety
Michigan Department of Community Health
MSU Department of Psychology
MSU Police Department
MSU Safe Place
Partners Psychological Services
Patient Support Services
Prevention and Training Services
Reality Counseling
Siren/ Eaton Shelter
Sparrow Hospital
St. Lawrence Hospital
Total Health Education
Domestic violence should not happen to anybody. Ever. Period. But it does- and when it does, there is help. The Capital Area Family Violence Coordinating Council (CAFVCC) is a group of agencies that have come together to address the huge problem of domestic violence in the Greater Lansing area.
What is domestic violence?
Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior that will almost always increase in frequency and severity over time. It is estimated that domestic violence affects 25-35% of the population at some point in their lives.
The person responsible for the abuse is often called the batterer or the assailant. Because domestic violence is against the law, the police will use the term perpetrator. The person being abused is often called the survivor, because that person has lived through abuse that no one should have to live through. The person being abused will also be referred to as the victim because that person has been the victim of a crime.
Abuse can be physical, emotional, sexual, or financial and may include stalking. Generally, a batterer uses a combination of these tactics of abuse.
Physical abuse can be anything from a push or a slap, to an assault with a weapon.
_
Sexual abuse includes anything sexual that your partner does to you against your will. If you are married to your partner, he or she still does not have the right to do sexual things to you when you don=t want him or her to._
Emotional abuse can include name- calling, threats, or accusations of cheating._
Financial abuse can include taking your paycheck, or withholding money from you so you can=t pay the bills or buy things you need. More examples of emotional and financial abuse are included in the Power and Control Wheel on the next page._
Stalking is any unwanted contact including phone calls, e-mail, cards, gifts, being followed and/ or having your property damaged.
If you have experienced domestic violence, we want you to know that nothing you did caused the violence to start, no matter what your abuser might tell you, and you cannot change your behavior or his behavior to stop the violence. The person abusing you has to make the decision to stop. It may be hard for him to change his behavior on his own, however. A batterer=s intervention group can help if he is ready to take responsibility for his actions.
The majority of domestic violence occurs between a male batterer and a female victim, so in this book the batterer will often be referred to as Ahe@ and the victim will often be referred to as Ashe.@ However, other types of battering do exist. Men can be battered by female partners or male partners; women can be battered by their same sex partners; the elderly can be abused by their caregivers; juveniles can batter their parents; etc. Battering occurs in poor families, rich families and middle class families. Victims and batterers can be from any racial or ethnic background. There is no typical- looking batterer, and no typical- looking victim.
One thing abusers do have in common is the need to have the all of the power in the relationship. They feel that they cannot equally share the responsibility and decision- making in a relationship. Batterers may appear to have a ADr. Jekyll/ Mr. Hyde@ personality: they may be well liked by others, but inside the home, when others aren=t around, they can be extremely cruel. This can make it difficult for survivors to talk about the abuse, because they feel that no one will believe that their partner could be violent. Batterers will often tell their partners that no one will believe them. Lansing area service providers will believe you if you come to us for help.
The Power and Control Wheel
The Power and Control Wheel was developed by a survivor of domestic violence to show the different tactics a batterer can use, in addition to physical and sexual abuse, to keep control over his partner. Remember, though, you do not have to be physically or sexually abused to be experiencing domestic violence. Any behavior listed on the wheel is abusive in and of itself. Physical and sexual assaults, and stalking, are always against the law. Any behavior that harms or scares you can be considered a crime by a court of law. While not all abuse is illegal, it is always wrong.
Battering cycle
Many battered women report that their relationships follow a common pattern. If batterers were to be violent all the time, they would increase the chances of their partner leaving them. Batterers try to keep their partners in the relationship with apologies, promises to change, and by acting like the Aman she first fell in love with@ during the Aloving and contrite@ phase. This phase is also called the honeymoon phase.
Myths and Facts
Myth: I always pick the wrong man.
Fact: The wrong man picked you. Batterers can be very sweet and charming so that you will quickly fall in love with them. Most women know their batterers less than 6 months before marrying or moving in with them. Batterers know just what to say and do to prevent you from leaving, as well.
Myth: Some people deserve to be hit.
Fact: No one deserves to be abused. A healthy relationship does not include violence. There are other ways to solve problems.
Myth: He just pushed me; that=s not domestic violence.
Fact: Domestic violence can be Ajust@ a push, it can be so serious that the victim will need to go to the hospital for treatment, or it can result in death. It can be Ajust@ name- calling and punching holes in the wall to intimidate you. Remember, domestic violence increases in frequency and severity over time. Any emotional abuse, threat or physical assault should be taken seriously.
Myth: Anger management classes will help my partner.
Fact: Battering is not an anger management problem. Batterers are in control when they batter. They have chosen a victim to control. Batterers may benefit from a batterer=s intervention program, but they have to be ready to accept responsibility for their actions in order to change their behavior.
Myth: If he stops drinking and/ or using drugs, he will stop the violence.
Fact: Alcohol and other drug abuse is a separate problem from battering. Batterers will need help for both issues. Batterers often try to blame their behavior on alcohol and other drug abuse, but they are always to blame for their actions. Many violent substance abusers will continue to be violent even after they stop using, and there are many alcohol and drug abusers who don=t batter their partners.
Myth: Batterers must be insane to do the things that they do.
Fact: Battering is not a mental illness. Some batterers may have a mental illness, but most don=t. Batterers make the choice to batter. There are many people coping with mental illnesses daily who are not violent individuals.
Myth: If she wanted to leave, she could just go.
Fact: A woman in an abusive relationship has many reasons why she doesn=t go: she may love her abuser and hope he=ll change; he may have threatened to kill her, the children and/ or the pets if she goes; shelters may be full and she has no friends or family to go to; he may have thoroughly convinced her that she can=t make it without him. Whatever the reason is, there is help. You can make a safety plan and leave when you are ready, which may not necessarily be today or tomorrow.
Non- violenceYhow it should be.
Sometimes it is hard to find examples of healthy relationships in our world today. Popular movies and songs are often about jealousy and infidelity. However, you deserve to have a healthy relationship. Love shouldn=t hurt.
Children and Domestic Violence
_ The children are often abused or neglected in a home where a man beats his partner.
_
Even if the abuser does not physically harm the children, seeing their mother harmed is traumatic and can have lasting effects._
Children may grow up believing that this is an acceptable way to operate within a relationship, and may grow up to abuse a parent, the siblings, and/ or their own partner._
A child that sees domestic violence is more likely to use alcohol or other drugs to escape, and/ or more likely to run away from home than children who grow up in non- violent homes._
A child growing up with domestic violence may become a victim in his or her own relationships._
Children may carry the burden of hiding their family=s Adirty little secret.@_
Children=s school performance is often negatively affected by the domestic violence going on at home,_
Or, a child may overcompensate for the chaos at home by being overly responsible. For example, the child may start caring for his or her mom and younger siblings, doing really well in school, feel responsible for the violence at home, and feel like he or she should be able to stop it. This can be just as harmful to the child, because he or she is forced to grow up too fast, and will not enjoy a childhood like his/ her peers._
Often times, the survivor does not believe her children know what=s going on, however, children often can describe the violence that they have seen and heard in detail.Don
=t be afraid to talk to your child about the scary things that have happened. Remember, you=re in this together. Counseling or play therapy can help even very young children.
Where can you get help?
Please do not be afraid to seek help if you are being abused, no matter who is abusing you. The agencies listed in the Community Resources section of this booklet can help you. You do not have to stay in a shelter to get help from a shelter like End Violent Encounters or MSU Safe Place. You also don
=t have to promise anyone that you will leave your abuser. Domestic violence service providers in the Lansing area will give you information to make choices and support you in the decisions that you choose to make. They are trained to be sensitive to all victims- whether you are gay, straight, young, old, married, single, have no kids or many kids, and whether you are Black, White, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, a U.S. citizen, an immigrant or an illegal alien.
You are not alone if someone you love is abusing you.
Your confidentiality
Most agencies that deal with victims of domestic violence will agree to keep information about you, your children, and your batterer confidential. Confidentiality means that the people providing you with services will not speak with other people or other agencies about you, unless you have given them permission, in writing, to do so. The only exception to this would be if an agency knows about a life- threatening situation such as suicide, homicide or child abuse, then that agency would be required to notify authorities, according to Michigan law.
End Violent Encounters (formerly the Council Against Domestic Assault), the Capital Area Response Effort, and MSU Safe Place are examples of agencies that adhere to a policy of confidentiality. Legal Services of South Central Michigan and the Personal Protection Order Office will not speak to other agencies about you without your permission, but documents that they file with the county clerk
=s office on your behalf will be public record.Other agencies may not have a policy of confidentiality. It is best for you to ask the agencies about their policy, before you receive services, if you are concerned about your confidentiality.
Every Home Should Be A Safe Home.
Contacting the police
Each survivor has to decide for herself whether or not to contact the police. It is understandable if you are reluctant to get the police involved. You may be fearful of sending your partner to jail. You may feel that calling the police will make your partner angry. Many survivors do not see the point in calling the police because they think the police won
=t help the situation, and that they may even make it worse.However, it was his choice to batter you, and break the law. Remember that nothing you do causes the battering. He will most likely continue to be abusive throughout the length of your relationship. The police can help to protect you. The police have received extensive training on domestic violence, and many officers handle domestic violence calls sensitively and professionally.
Once the police are called, whatever happens next is up to the police and prosecutors. They can make an arrest with no warrant if evidence exists and if the batterer is still there. If the police do not make an arrest, they forward the report on to the prosecuting attorney. If the prosecuting attorney sees sufficient evidence for the police to pick up the individual, the judge will issue a warrant. It is not the victim
=s choice to Apress charges.@ That decision is up to the prosecuting attorney. The victim can choose to assist the prosecuting attorney, however, by filling out a victim=s impact statement and/ or by testifying in court.The victim is now considered a witness to a crime. The prosecuting attorney is not the victim
=s attorney; he or she is the attorney for the people of the State of Michigan. The victim may obtain an attorney if she wishes. One will not be appointed for the victim.
What if you are arrested?
If you have called the police, and you are arrested, know that this sometime happens. Police base their decisions on what they see at the crime scene at their time of their arrival. Sometimes the police will arrest a woman who used self- defense (although you are within your legal rights to defend yourself from a violent attack), or sometimes the abuser will lie to the police, telling them that his partner is abusing him. We recommend that you get a lawyer who is knowledgeable about domestic violence if you feel that you have been wrongly arrested. Know that you do not have to plead guilty to the charges if you are not guilty of battering.
What if I have a complaint or a compliment on the officers
= response?
If you did not get an appropriate response when you called the police, know that you have options. You can file a complaint in person, over the phone, through the mail, or over e-mail. You can choose to remain anonymous in your complaint, but if you do not give your name it may be hard for them to investigate the charges. If you had a particularly good response from the police, they would like to know that, too. Here are the addresses and phone numbers to the local police departments:
Delta Township Police
Chief Deputy O
=Donnell1045 Independence Blvd.
Charlotte, MI 48813
(517) 372-8217
East Lansing
City of East Lansing
410 Abbot Rd.
East Lansing, MI 48823
(517) 337-1731
Ingham County Sheriff
=s OfficeSheriff Gene Wrigglesworth
630 N. Cedar St.
Mason, MI 48854
(517) 676-2431
Lansing Police Department
Police Commission Investigator
Bernard Brantley
124 W. Michigan Ave.
4th Floor, City Hall
Lansing, MI 48933
(517) 483-4002
Lansing Township
Police Chief Kay Hoffman
3209 W. Michigan Ave.
Lansing, MI 48917
(517) 485-1700
Mason Police Department
Police Chief McCormick
201 W. Ash
Mason, MI 48854
(517) 676-2458
Meridian Township
Meridian Township Police Department
5151 Marsh Rd.
Okemos, MI 48864
(517) 347-5060
www.twp.meridian.mi.us
Michigan State University
87 Red Cedar Rd.
East Lansing, MI 48824
(517) 355-2221
www.police.msu.edu/admin/com.htm
or
Police and Public Safety Oversight Committee
C/O Secretary of Academic Governance
East Lansing, MI 48824
308 Olds Hall Michigan State University
(517) 432-2256
Williamston Police Department
Police Chief Tom Ames
1500 W. Grand River Ave.
Williamston, MI 48895
(517) 655-4222
The court system
The court system deals with civil actions and criminal matters. Criminal matters are broken into two categories: misdemeanors and felonies. The differences are explained below:
Civil actions
Civil actions include divorce, child custody matters, and Personal Protection Orders (PPOs). They are handled by family court. If the batterer is in violation of a PPO, then it becomes a criminal matter. One important thing to know about custody is that a father and mother have equal right to a child until custody is established by the courts. If you leave your batterer and take your children with you, he has the legal right to take the children from you at any time if he is the father of your children, and custody has not been established. A birth certificate is not a custody order. You will have to go through the Friend of the Court to obtain physical and/ or legal custody of your children.
Divorce and custody matters are best handled by obtaining a lawyer. Legal Services of South Central Michigan provides free legal services for civil matters to persons with low- incomes. Legal Services is very knowledgeable about domestic violence, and they are sometimes able to help victims of domestic violence who are not low- income. If you are able to hire your own attorney, we suggest that you find one who is knowledgeable about the dynamics of domestic violence. Batterers will almost always manipulate the court system in divorce and child custody matters.
Personal Protection Order (PPO)
Personal Protection Orders (PPOs) are orders of the Circuit Court that forbid or require a person to do something. There are two types of PPOs. The first is a domestic restraining/ stalking PPO, for victims of dating or domestic violence, and the other is a stalking PPO, for victims of stalking who have not been intimately involved with the stalker. The person filing a PPO is the petitioner, and the person you file a PPO against is the respondent. A PPO may order the respondent not to:
Enter your property
Assault, attack, beat, or wound you
Threaten to kill or physically harm you
Remove children from you if you have legal custody
Interfere at your place of employment
Interfere with your efforts to remove your children or personal property
Contact you by telephone
Send you mail (including electronic mail)
Purchase or possess a firearm
Stalk you
The penalties for violating a PPO are a maximum 93 days in jail and/or a maximum $500 fine.
It is important for you to know that as the petitioner, your actions are not being restricted- only the respondent=s. Therefore, you cannot be in violation of the PPO if you choose to be in his presence. It is not recommended, however, that the two of you get together while you have a PPO in effect. One reason is that your safety would be in jeopardy (or you wouldn=t have a PPO). The second reason is that if your assailant files a motion to modify or terminate the PPO, you will have to go to court, and judges generally don=t look favorably upon petitioners visiting respondents in PPO cases. This could be reason enough for the judge to terminate your PPO.
If your assailant is trying to make contact with you, ask yourself why. Is it really important enough for you to put your safety at risk? For example, if you need to get the kids to him for visitation or if you need to pick up your belongings from his house, have a relative drop the kids off, or have a friend get your things from him.
In order to obtain a PPO, you can pick up the paperwork from the PPO Office and fill it out yourself, or you can have the PPO Office help you fill it out. If you do want assistance with the paperwork, contact the PPO Office at 517-483-6545 to set up an appointment. Allow at least 2 hours for this process. You can also obtain PPO paperwork from the Circuit Court Clerk=s office and fill it out yourself, or have your attorney assist you.
When you are filing for a PPO, you will have to have a statement prepared that describes what the abuse was like. If you are going to the PPO office for assistance, bring your statement with you when you go. The statement should be approximately 3-4 pages handwritten, or 2-3 pages typed. The judge reads this to determine whether or not to grant your PPO. The respondent will also see the statement when he is served the PPO.
Helpful information to include in your statement:
How long you were together and how long the abuse has been going on
Specific dates of abuse, such as 4/30/99, or approximate dates if you can=t remember, such as June, 2002
Types of physical abuse
Where on your body did he hurt you?
What types of injuries did he give you?
How often do the physical assaults occur?
How long would the assaults last?
Did you have to receive medical attention?
Types of verbal abuse. What did he say to you?
Did he ever threaten you, the kids, the pets, or your family members?
Did he use weapons or objects used as weapons to intimidate or assault you?
Who witnessed the abuse?
Did he damage your property?
Were the police ever called? Was he ever arrested?
How has the abuse affected you and your children? For example, have you missed work, have they had trouble in school, have you or the kids started counseling, or have you had trouble sleeping?
Helpful information to include when you petition for a PPO, in addition to your statement:
Police reports
Medical records documenting injuries that he caused
Pictures of injuries or property damage
Lease or mortgage agreement
Custody, support and/or visitation order
Divorce Decree
Affidavits from witnesses
After filling out the paperwork, you will need to file your petition with the clerk=s office of the Circuit Court. The clerk will give your petition to the judge that has been assigned to your case. You will need to return to the clerk=s office either later that day or the next day to pick it up. The clerk can tell you when he or she expects the judge to make a decision. If the judge signs your order, you will receive:
One complete set of paperwork for your records
One complete set of paperwork to serve to the respondent
Two extra copies of the signed order for you to keep on your person at all times
If your PPO is denied, you can call the judge=s office to request a hearing. The judge can deny that request, however. This is one reason why it is important to have a detailed statement explaining why you need a PPO.
To serve the PPO, you can have a friend or relative serve the assailant, if he or she is 18 years or older, a legally competent adult, and if he or she would feel safe doing so. You can hire a process server for approximately $25, or send the PPO through certified mail or registered mail (return receipt requested, delivery restricted). The post office can help you send your PPO through certified or registered mail.
The person serving the PPO must fill out a proof of service form and return it to the Circuit Court Clerk=s Office. If a friend or relative served the PPO, he or she must sign the proof of service form in front of a notary. A notary is generally available at the Clerk=s Office. If you sent the PPO through certified mail, you must take the green receipt card with the respondent=s signature with you when you fill out the proof of service form. If the respondent violates the PPO, immediately call 911.
Criminal Matters- Misdemeanors
Misdemeanor offenses are heard in district court. Misdemeanors include:
First and second domestic violence convictions
Assault and battery
Aggravated assault
Breaking and entering or illegal entry
Fourth degree child abuse
Enticing a child for immoral purposes
Discharge of an intentionally aimed firearm
Discharge of an intentionally aimed firearm resulting in an injury
Operating a vehicle under the influence of or impaired by alcohol or a controlled substance which results in personal injury, death, or damage to another individual=s property
Misdemeanor stalking offenses
Offenses that are subsequently reduced to a lesser charge
Court procedures when the offense is a misdemeanor:
Arraignment: The accused is formally charged and bond is set. If bond is posted, he/ she is released until the trial date. The judge may order the accused to stay away from the victim. This is called a no- contact order, and remains in effect while the trial is pending. The no- contact order is separate from a PPO. A pretrial conference date is set.
Pre-trial conference: The prosecutor, the accused and/ or the defense attorney meet to discuss the case and possibly reach a plea agreement. If no disposition is reached, the case will be set for a trial.
Trial: The court hearing where the accused is found guilty or not guilty. The victim and all other witnesses are subpoenaed to the court to appear and testify. If the witness does not appear when subpoenaed for trial, the court may authorize a bench warrant for that person=s arrest.
Sentencing: Prosecution does not always result in a jail sentence. The judge may consider: jail, fines, restitution, and/or probation (which may include mandatory conditions such as counseling or no contact with the victim). The judge may order that a pre-sentence report be prepared by the probation department.
Felonies
The procedures for a felony are similar to those for a misdemeanor, except that there would be a preliminary examination before the arraignment. This means that a district court judge would decide whether or not there is enough evidence to believe that a crime has been committed by the defendant, in order to bind the case over to Circuit Court for trial.
Felonies include:
Domestic assault, third conviction
First through third degree child abuse
Operating a motor vehicle while under the influence or impaired by alcohol or another controlled substance, third conviction
Felony stalking charges
Murder
If you experience further threats or abuse from the assailant while a criminal trial is pending, please contact the police immediately and let them know.
Victim rights
As the victim of a crime, you have rights. You are encouraged to fill out a Victim=s Impact Statement. The judge knows the facts of the crime, but he or she wants to know how this crime has affected you. A Victim/ Witness Advocate from the Prosecutor=s Office will also be available to you. He/ she can:
Explain the system to you, and answer any other questions you might have
Help prevent you from being fired from your job for missing work to appear in court
Help you get your property back from the assailant
Accompany you to court
Provide a separate waiting room if you are do not wish to see your batterer in the hallway before the hearing
Request the Sheriff (if the assailant goes to jail) or the Department of Corrections (if the assailant goes to prison) notify you before your assailant will be released.
Financial Loss
All crime victims are eligible to request restitution at the time of the defendant=s sentencing. Following a conviction, the court can order the defendant to:
Pay the following costs that have been incurred as a result of the offense:
_
Physical care_
Loss of income_
Psychological and medical treatment for you and members of your family_
Cost of actual damages done to your property_
Cost of actual homemaking and childcare expenses_
Cost of seizure or impoundment of vehicle; orReturn or restore property to the owner; or
Make restitution in services.
Crime Victim=s Compensation (CVC)
If you qualify, this state fund offers financial help to victims who suffer personal injury because of a crime. As a victim, you would have to have reported the crime to the police to be eligible for compensation. The fund assists with counseling, rehabilitation, out-of-pocket medical expenses of more than $200, and/ or loss of earnings or support for at least two continuous weeks. If you are retired or disabled, these minimum losses may be waived. Property losses are not covered. For more information and a claim form, contact:
The Crime Victim Services Commission
Lewis Cass Building, 320 S. Walnut Street
Lansing, MI 48913
(517) 373-7373
or
Ingham County Prosecutor=s Victim/ Witness Unit
303 W. Kalamazoo
Lansing, MI 48933
(517) 483-6108
Going to court
When you go to court, it is important to dress up, like you would for a job interview, or church. If you have to sit on the witness stand, try to remain calm, and tell the truth. Not telling the truth while under oath (perjury) is a felony. Try not to look at your assailant. He may give you threatening looks, or he may try to look remorseful to make you feel sorry for him. Expect that his lawyer will try to make you look bad. His lawyer may try to get you riled up by accusing you of things, such as starting the fight, cheating on your partner, or using alcohol or other drugs. If you remain calm and tell the truth, his lawyer=s tactic won=t work very well. If you do not know the answer to a question that someone asks you, it=s okay to say that you don=t know. Feel free to talk to your victim=s advocate if you have any further questions about being in court.
Immigration issues
If you are an illegal immigrant, you can seek services from your local shelter without worrying about being reported to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). A shelter such as the End Violent Encounters/EVE=s (formerly Council Against Domestic Assault/CADA) or MSU Safe Place can help you find an immigration attorney. Other agencies may be able to help you with your situation as well. You may want to call and ask what their policy is on assisting illegal immigrants, however, before you give them your name and before you go there in person. The Family Independence Agency, for example, is required to report illegal immigrants to the INS.
If you are a legal immigrant, you can call the police if you are being threatened or hurt by someone. You may have never thought you could call the police for help because the police in the country that you are from are not helpful. The police here can be very helpful. It is the job of the police officers to protect you and your children from harm. If you are an illegal immigrant, the police may check your status. Since September 11, 2001, INS has asked local law enforcement agencies to check the status of immigrants. Not all law enforcement agencies are checking to see if the people they come in contact with are here legally, but it could happen. You may want to contact a program like End Violent Encounters or MSU Safe Place instead of the police.
You may be afraid to leave your abuser because you don=t know how that will affect your status. Here are some questions and answers about some of the different immigration statuses:
What if I=m a lawful resident or refugee? If you are a Lawful Permanent Resident or a Refugee/ Asylee, your immigration status should not be affected by leaving or divorcing your abuser. You have legal status; your abuser does not have the power to have you deported by the INS. It is a good idea to keep documents that show your marriage was legal and not for immigration purposes (marriage certificates, letters, photos, etc.).
What if I have Conditional Residency? You are a Conditional Resident if your Resident Card expires 2 years after you received it. If your U.S. citizen or Resident spouse will not help remove the conditions on your residency, you may be able to seek a waiver. Talk to an immigration attorney right away.
I am undocumented. Can I leave my husband and get a divorce without being deported? Yes- if you are not safe, you can leave now. You do not have to be documented to get a divorce or ask for legal custody of your children. But, because a divorce may affect other rights, do not get a divorce without first talking to an immigration attorney.
What if my children or I am undocumented? Can we obtain legal residency and work authorization? If you or your children have been Abattered or subjected to extreme cruelty@ by your spouse, and he is a Lawful Permanent Resident or U.S. citizen, you may be eligible for relief under the immigration law. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) may allow you to Aself- petition@ for permanent residency and work permits without help from your abuser. Your self- petition is confidential. The INS cannot discuss your case with your abuser, nor can the INS decide against you based only on information provided by your abuser. You may also be eligible for public assistance. If your husband is not a U.S. citizen or Lawful Permanent Resident, you may still have options. Either way, see and immigration attorney right away.
Who can self- petition under VAWA?
An abused spouse of a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident
An abused child of a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident
The parent of a child who was abused and/ or subjected to extreme cruelty by a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident parent, if the parents are married
What if I have divorced the abuser? If you are divorced from a U.S. citizen or Lawful Permanent Resident, you still might be able to self- petition, if you were divorced less than 2 years ago. You should talk to an immigration attorney right away.
What if I am being deported? You might be able to apply for Acancellation of removal@ if you are being deported. You should talk to an immigration attorney right away.
What if the abuser is deported? You or your children still might be able to self- petition. You should talk to an immigration attorney right away.
What if my abuser is my parent? Unmarried children under 21, abused by a parent who is a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident, may apply for immigration status under VAWA.
What if my abuser is not my spouse or my parent, or if he is not a U.S. citizen or Permanent Resident? Contact an immigration attorney to see if your status can be legalized under some other law.
Can a man apply for residency under VAWA? Yes. An abused husband has the same rights under VAWA.
Do I need an immigration attorney? Probably- an immigration attorney will be able to determine if you can self- petition, and can help you with the application. Do not go to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) without first talking to an immigration attorney. Your conversation with this attorney will be confidential, and he or she cannot report you to the INS.
Safety Planning
Suggestions for increasing safety in the relationship:
I can think about escape routes in the home. I can try to avoid (as much as possible) being trapped in the bathroom or bedroom where there is no escape.
I will teach my children how to call 911 if our safety is in danger
I will ask my neighbors to look out for me and call 911 if they see or hear me or my children being abused
If I leave home I have a safe place to go (friend=s or family=s home, or a shelter)
I can leave extra money, car keys, clothes, copies of documents with a trusted person
I can keep change on me at all times in case I need to use a pay phone
I can open a bank account to start saving money
I can get a P.O. Box if I don=t want my assailant seeing my mail
Suggestions for increasing safety when the relationship is over: 
I know that the most dangerous time for me is right after I have left. I know that if he can
=t find me, he can=t hurt meIf I need a safe place to stay I can call friends or family, or a shelter in the area
I can change the locks if I choose to stay in my own home. I can install metal doors, a security system, and improve the lighting around the home. I can clear away shrubs that someone could hide behind
I can get a PPO
If my assailant was arrested, I can call the Prosecutor
=s Office and help them press chargesIf I need to leave town, I can contact a shelter in the area to help me relocate
I will inform my neighbors that my assailant no longer lives with me, and ask them to call 911 if they see him
I will tell the children
=s school and daycare that my assailant should not pick my children upI can tell people I trust at work about my situation in case he is calling or stopping by
I can find a different grocery store to shop at, go to a different bank, etc. so my assailant won
=t find me thereI can call friends, family, or a crisis line if I feel lonely or depressed and want to return to the relationship
I can make a list of all of the reasons I don
=t deserve to be abused if I want to return to the relationship
What you may need when you leave:
ID (driver=s license, state ID card, passport)
Green card, and/ or any other immigration documents
Social security card (yours and the kid=s)
Your birth certificate
Children=s birth certificates
Checkbooks
Credit cards/ Debit card
Medications/prescriptions
Medical card
Divorce/legal papers
PPO
Welfare ID
Address book
Money
Title to car 
Keys
Pictures
Insurance papers
Jewelry
Often Used Community Resources
This list does not imply an endorsement of any agency or services contained within, nor is this a complete list of area resources.
Crisis Intervention
If you need support and want to talk to someone over the phone:
Capital Area Response Effort (C.A.R.E.) - volunteer based response team for domestic violence: 3400 S. Cedar, 272-7436 or 272-7428
End Violent Encounters/EVE=s (formerly Council Against Domestic Assault/CADA) -24-hour crisis line for survivors of domestic violence: 372-5572
Emergency Services - 24- hour assessment of those who are at imminent risk of harm to self or others: 346- 8312 (adults) or 346-8008 (children)
Listening Ear - 24 hour: 1017 E. Grand River, East Lansing, 337-1717
National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-SAFE
RAVE - Clinton County: (517) 725-9444, Toll Free: (877) 952-7283
SIREN - Eaton County: (517) 543-0748 or (517) 543-4915
Counseling
*Assailant Counseling*
The CAFVCC recommends programs accredited by the Batterer=s Intervention Services Coalition. Accredited programs are group based counseling that are at least 26 weeks long.
Alternatives to Domestic Aggression (ADA) - 52 week program, Ann Arbor Area: 313-971-9781
Highfields Alternative Program - minimum of 26 week program, group and home based counseling: 887-2762
Prevention and Training Services (PATS) -24 or 50 week program: 323-8149
Total Health Education (THE) - 26-46 week program for perpetrators of assault/sexual crimes: 484-7700
*Survivor Counseling and Support Groups*
Cristo Rey- Individual counseling and support group. There is a cost for their services. Medicaid or private insurance will be billed; or persons with no insurance pay on a sliding scale: 1717 N. High, 372-4700
End Violent Encounters/EVE=s (formerly Council Against Domestic Assault/CADA) - counseling (varied times) and support groups (Thursday 7pm). Childcare available. All free services: 372-5572
Marina Levine Rehab Services: provides counseling for victims of domestic assault, fee based on sliding scale: 267-0888
MSU Safe Place - counseling (varied times) and support group (Tuesday 7pm). Childcare available. All free services: 355-1100 ext. 2
RAVE- located in Clinton County; individual counseling (varied times) and support group (Thursday 5:30pm). Free services: (989) 224-7283, (517) 725-9444, or Toll Free: (877) 952-7283
*Other Counseling* (sliding scale or free, for individual or family counseling)
Black Child & Family Institute: 835 W. Genesee, 487-3775
Catholic Social Services: 372-4020
Charter House, Community Support Services - Adults 18 and over with mental illness, support and assistance to those who have progressed through hospitalization or treatment: 606 W. Shiawassee, 371-2077
Child & Family Services - family, marriage, and adolescent substance abuse counseling. Accepts private insurance, or fees may be based on a sliding scale. They do not accept Medicaid: 4801 Willoughby, Holt, 699-1600 or 323 2 N. Clinton, St. Johns, 224- 8757
Community Mental Health- call Access to set up an appointment: 346-8318
Cristo Rey: 1717 N. High, 372-4700
Gateway Community Services: 910 Abbott Rd. East Lansing, 351-4000
Harvest House - counseling: 1006 W. Hillsdale, 487-3090
Highfields, Inc. - family counseling & domestic violence counseling for assailants. They take PHP, M-Care, or base fees on a sliding scale: 887-2762
Lutheran Social Services: 801 S. Waverly, 321-7663
Maria Levine Rehab Services- will counsel couples working through domestic violence if they have completed domestic violence classes, fee based on sliding scale: 267-0888
MSU Counseling Center (MSU only): 355-8270
MSU Psychology Clinic: 355-9564
Michigan Self-Help Clearing House - to find out about specialized support groups: 484-7373
St. Lawrence Hospital - Outpatient Psychological Services: 377-0397
Vietnamese Association- for the Vietnamese population: 500 W. Lenawee, 485-2876
Cultural Assistance Programs
Cristo Rey - variety of services available including bilingual/Spanish programs: 1717 N. High, 372-4700
Family & Community Development Services - serving the Muslim community: 4970 Northwind, East Lansing, 336-6744
Lao Family Community/Mid-Asian Community: 272-1582
Marina Levine Rehab Services- offers services in Spanish; provides counseling for victims of domestic assault, will counsel couples working through domestic violence if they have completed domestic violence classes, and is a licensed substance abuse facility. Fee based on sliding scale: 267-0888
Refugee Services - programs to assist the newly immigrated: 2722 W. Michigan, 484-1010
Vietnamese Association: 500 W. Lenawee, 485-2876
Disabilities- Services for People with Disabilities
Capital Area Center for Independent Living - provides employment and housing information, assistance with obtaining adaptive equipment, social security and other supportive funding information, emergency services and supports information: 334-7830, 334-7828 (TDD)
Michigan Association for Deaf, Hearing and Speech Services: 487-0066
Michigan Jobs Commission-Rehabilitation Services - assistance in career planning, receiving education and training to meet employment goals: 241-5122
Michigan Protection and Advocacy- provides legal assistance if your rights are being denied because of your disability: 487-1755
SpecTran - provides door- to- door transportation services: 394-6230
Tech 2000 - information on assistive technology devices and services: 800-760-4600
Documentation of Abuse
Edwards Photographic Studios, Inc. - Will take pictures of your injuries so you can document the abuse. Free and confidential: 3808 S. Cedar, 393-4170
Financial Assistance
Advent House- Good Works Program to get people ready for employment: 743 N. Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd., 485-4722
Crime Victim Services Commission - offers financial assistance for victims with personal injury, work loss and funeral benefits: 373-7373
Family Independence Agency- cash assistance, food stamps, Medicaid and/ or day care assistance: 5303 S. Cedar, 887-9400
Food
American Red Cross - emergency food packets (after hours): 1800 E. Grand River, 484-7461
Black Child and Family Institute - WIC distributor, Shared Foods program site: 835 W. Genesee, 482-7290
Capital Area Community Services - surplus commodity food cards: 1301 Rensen, 393-7077
Community Services Center at the Seventh Day Adventist Church - food bank offshoot, Wednesdays only: 321-8238
Cristo Rey Community Center - free lunch (call for schedule): 1717 N. High, 372-4700
Family Independence Agency- for food stamps: 5303 S. Cedar, 887-9400
Greater Lansing Food Bank - up to 6 days worth of food each 30 day period, occasionally has baby formula, offices throughout the city, open 8am-12pm and 1-5pm Monday thru Friday: 887-4357
Harvest House - free food when available: 1006 Hillsdale, 487-3090
Potter Park Outreach Program - summer lunch program: 1001 Dakin, 485-3459
Salvation Army - free lunch (call for schedule): 525 N. Pennsylvania, 484-4424
Share Michigan: 482-8900
VOA - three meals per day, Share Foods program site: 430 N. Larch, 484-4414
Women, Infants and Children (WIC) - pregnant women or with children under 5 years: 887-4326
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender
Affirmations Lesbian/Gay Hepline: 1-800-398-4297
Annette Skinner, Attorney: 484-7820
Assault Crisis Center of Washtenaw County- Crisis intervention for survivors of sexual assault, located in Ypsilanti: 734-483-7273
Lansing Area Gay/ Lesbian Hotline: 332-3200
Lansing Association for Human Rights: 332-3200
Pamela Sisson, Attorney: 484-4300
Timothy Waskerwitz, MA, LMFT- Counseling for individuals and families; specializes in depression, eating disorders, gender orientation, HIV and substance abuse: 347-1867
HIV/ AIDS and other STD=s
Gateway Community Services - anonymous AIDS testing ($15): 351-4000
Ingham County Health Department- STD testing; free confidential AIDS testing and counseling: 887-4424
Lansing Area Aids Network- Assistance with medication, support groups, other services: 351-0303
Planned Parenthood- anonymous HIV and confidential STD testing, sliding scale: 351-0550
Housing
To receive assistance with first month=s rent and deposit, you must be homeless. For rent assistance to avoid eviction, you must receive a 7- day notice from your landlord. You will then need to go to FIA first for a decision letter before any other agency will help you.
Advent House - transitional housing for families or single women with children: 743 N. Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd., 485-4722
American Red Cross- Case management to assist homeless clients: 1800 E. Grand River, 484-7461
Capital Area Community Services - rent and security deposit when funds are available: 1301 Rensen, 393-7077
Family Independence Agency - can sometimes help with first month=s rent and deposit: 5303 S. Cedar, 887-9400
Ferris Development- 485-9100
Gateway Community Services - homeless youth program: 910 Abbot Rd., East Lansing, 351-4000
Greater Lansing Housing Coalition - buys and remodels Lansing homes to sell or lease to low or moderate- income families: 372-5980
Habitat for Humanity - helps low- income families build/renovate a home for eventual home ownership: 374-1313
Housing Outreach Program (CMH) - for persons with mental illness. Contact your CMH caseworker, or if you do not have a caseworker, call Access: 346-8318
Lansing Housing Commission/ Section 8 - operates low- income housing projects /scattered site housing: 487-6550
Legal Aid- assistance with landlord problems: 3490 Belle Chase, 394-3121
MSU/ DCL Rental Housing Clinic- assistance with landlord problems: 336-8088
MSHDA Section 8 Housing - vouchers for subsidized housing: 373-9344, in Ingham County call 373-6223
Salvation Army - assistance with finding housing; rent and deposit assistance when you participate with their program: 525 N. Pennsylvania, 484-4424
Stepping Stones - transitional housing for women with children, up to 24 months: 485-4644
Zacchaeus House- transitional housing for women with children, up to 24 months: 482-2099
Jail
To find out when your assailant will be released.
Ingham County Jail: 676-2431
Lansing Lock-up: 483-4674
Legal
Capital Area Response Effort- can provide an advocate to go to court with you: 3400 S. Cedar, 272-7436
Council Against Domestic Assault- can provide an advocate to go to court with you: 372-5572
Crenshaw Legal Center - low cost Ado it yourself@ legal services: 351-4800
Dispute Resolution Center - mediation between parties in civil suits that have not gone to litigation; the courts will honor written agreements arranged and signed by both parties: 485-2274
Ingham County Prosecuting Attorney=s Office - if you have questions about court procedures or if you are being threatened to drop charges: 483-6108
Lawyer Referral Service: 482-8816
Legal Services of South Central Michigan - divorce, custody, visitation, bankruptcy, landlord/ tenant problems. Free legal clinics and pro bono attorneys: 3490 Belle Chase, 394-3121
Michigan Welfare Rights - aids welfare recipients in dealing with the FIA in cases of unfair treatment: 313-868-3660
MSU Safe Place- can provide an advocate to go to court with you: 355-1100 x2
Personal Protection Order Office - free assistance in obtaining a PPO (during business hours 8am-12pm and 1-5pm Monday thru Friday): 483-6545
Warren Foundation- free or reduced cost legal services: 1017 E. Kalamazoo, 484-5050
Parent, Children and Teen Services
Big Brothers/Big Sisters - serving fatherless/motherless youths ages 8-13: 372-0160
Black Child & Family Institute - after school tutoring, summer programs, computer programs, teen girls= programs, parenting programs, New Beginning Program for kids who have been expelled from school: 835 W. Genesee, 487-3775
Boys & Girls Club - guidance programs including goal setting, physical education, arts and crafts, library programs, game room and sports programs (ages 7-17): 4316 Pleasant Grove, 394-0455
Building Strong Families - parenting support for mothers with children ages 3 and under: 887-4593
CACS Neighborhood Youth Corps - employment/training, summer programs, High School completion, for 16-21 year olds: 487-8893
C-E-I Community Mental Health - family guidance, ADHD parent=s group, grandparenting support group, parent-infant program: 346-8005
Child Abuse Prevention Services- parenting classes and other services: 484-8444
Community Nursery - low- income day care: 482-5157
End Violent Encounters (EVE), Inc. - Family Focus group every Tuesday: 372-5572
Cristo Rey - parenting classes: 1717 N. High, 372-4700
Family Growth Center - drop off child- care (first come basis), parenting support classes: 484-2610
Family Independence Agency- for assistance with child- care expenses: 5303 S. Cedar, 887-9400
Gateway Community Services - Homeless Youth Program, free counseling ages 13-17 year olds: 910 Abbott Rd., East Lansing, 351-4000
Happy Time Child Care Center - free school readiness program: 325-6242
Head Start - free pre-school, 3-5 year olds: 482-1504
Highfields Parent Support Group - call for information: 887-2762
Lansing Area Parents= Center - in home aid for families with special needs children, respite care, summer programs: 372-6671
Michigan Protection and Advocacy- Can assist parents with emotionally impaired, physically impaired or learning disabled children access the services they need: 487-1755
MSU Extension Service - 1 on 1 consultation/parenting education in the home: 887-4588
Office for Young Children - listing of pre-school/day care programs: 887-4319
Parent Helpline: 800-942-4357
Project Clay - mentoring, social activities, support for youth: 371-2446
Protective Services: 887-9450
RAVE - parent/child wellness program in St. Johns area: Clinton County: (989) 224-7283, Shiawassee County: (517) 725-9444, Toll Free: (877) 952-7283
Rivendell Psychiatric Hospital: 517-224-1177 or 800-762-3742
Runaway Hotline: 800-292-4517
St. Vincent=s Home - treatment facility for emotionally impaired children: 323-4734
ToughLove - for Aout of control@ teens: 351-9882
Turning Point - counseling for ages 11-21 for prostitutes, truants, substance abuse, victims of abuse, runaways and the homeless. Call Lisa Robinson: 306 W. Willow, 484-9292
Willow Teen Medical Clinic - teen parenting classes and counseling for ages 11-21: 306 W. Willow, 484-9292
YDC Mentoring Program - ages 10-15, call John Jackson: 482-2081
Pets
Capital Area Humane Society- can sometimes house pets while the owner is relocating due to domestic violence; also to report animal abuse: 626-6060
Pregnancy, Birth Control and Alternatives
Bethany Christian Services- Adoption counseling: 5030 Northwind, East Lansing, 336-0191
Catholic Social Services- Adoption counseling: 323-4734
Family Planning and Prenatal Clinic- Birth control, pregnancy testing, prenatal care, fees based on a sliding scale: 5303 S. Cedar, 887-4320
Fountain Street Church- Located in Grand Rapids, provides funding for abortions when the money is available: 616-459-8386
Heritage Clinic for Women- in Grand Rapids, provides Morning After Pill, non- surgical abortions to seven weeks, surgical abortions to 22 weeks: 1-800-345-1393
Hersey Fund-Funding for abortions when available: 612-825-8270
National Network of Abortion Funds- information on funding sources for abortions: 413-582-5645
Planned Parenthood Ann Arbor Clinic- pregnancy testing, options counseling, birth control and abortions. Can work out a payment plan for abortion services: 800-683-0540
Planned Parenthood Lansing- Gynecological services, birth control, Morning After Pill, pregnancy testing, options counseling. Sliding fee scale: 300 N. Clippert, 351-0550
Planned Parenthood Southfield Clinic:248-569-7010
Pregnancy Services- Free pregnancy testing, referrals for adoption and housing, maternity and infant clothing: 1045 E. Grand River, 332-0633
Shared Pregnancy Crisis Clinic- Pregnancy testing, counseling, mentoring program: 503 N. Walnut, 484-1882
Willow Plaza Services- counseling, prenatal and postpartum care for teens: 306 W. Willow, 484-9292
Womancare- Free pregnancy testing, birth control, abortions through 24 weeks, options counseling, financial assistance: 3401 E. Saginaw, 337-7350
WomansChoice- Gynecological services and exams, Morning After Pill, free pregnancy testing, non- surgical abortions or surgical abortions through 24 weeks, financial assistance available: 815 Coolidge Rd., 332-7191
Sexual Assault
If you have been sexually assaulted, we recommend that you receive medical treatment. Receiving medical treatment does not require you to contact the police.
AIDS Hotline: 1-800-872-AIDS
Clinton-Eaton-Ingham Community Mental Health - sexual abuse groups ages 4-17 and individual therapy: 346-8318
Gateway Community Services: 351-4000
Listening Ear - 24 hour: 1017 E. Grand River, East Lansing, 337-1717
MSU Crisis Line - 24 hour: 372-6666
Patient Support Services - Sparrow Hospital: 483-2385
SafeSenses - training in personal safety: 485-3868
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE) - rape kits and examinations: 483-3641; Emergency Triage: 483-3729
Total Health Education (THE): 2627 N. East St., 484-7700
Shelters
American Red Cross: 1800 E. Grand River, 484-7461
City Rescue Mission - homeless shelter for men: 485-0145
Council Against Domestic Assault (CADA) - domestic violence shelter in Lansing: 372-5572
Haven House - homeless shelter in East Lansing for families and single women: 337-2731
Loaves and Fishes - homeless shelter, open for dinner and overnight sleeping only: 482-2099
MSU Safe Place - for those with an MSU affiliation: Crisis 372-5572; Business 355-1100 x2
Other Domestic Violence Shelters - numbers for other shelters in Michigan, call CADA: 372-5572
RAVE - domestic violence shelter in Clinton County: (989) 224-7283, (517) 725-9444, Toll Free: (877) 952-7283
SIREN - domestic violence shelter in Charlotte: 517-543-0748 or 517-543-4915 or 800-899-9997
Victory Center - Christian based homeless shelter for women and children: 483-5730
VOA New Hope Center - general homeless shelter: 430 N. Larch, 485-5730, 482-2145
Substance Abuse
Alcoholics Anonymous: 321-8781
Bureau of Rehabilitation: 334-6592
Central Diagnostic and Referral - free assessments & referrals, aid with funding treatment: 2875 Northwind, East Lansing, 337-7209
Cristo Rey: 1717 N. High, 372-4700
Eaton Substance Abuse Program: 517-543-2580
Gateway Community Services - treatment for juveniles: 910 Abbott Rd, East Lansing, 351-4000
Harvest House: 487-3090
Marina Levine Rehab Services- licensed substance abuse facility: 267-0888
National Council on Alcoholism - referrals for residential substance abuse programs: 887-0226
Reality Counseling Services: 484-4997
Southland Counseling Center: 346-8270
St. Lawrence Alcoholism Unit: 377-0542
Total Health Education - for alcohol/drug abuse: 484-7700
VOA New Hope Center: 484-0176
Transitional Housing
Advent House- for women or men with children: 485-4722
Center for Women in Transition: (616) 392-2829
Crossroads- shelter for young adults ages 16-20. Call Gateway for information and intake: 351-4000
Hannah=s House- for pregnant women age 18 and over: 482-5856
Haven House: 337-2731
RAVE- located in Clinton County: (989) 224-7283, (517) 725-9444, Toll Free: (877) 952-7283
Sisters Maternity Home - crisis pregnancy shelter: 371-3128
Stepping Stones- for mothers with up to three children, they can=t take boys over 11 years: 485-4644
Zacchaeus House- transitional housing for women with children, up to 24 months: 482-2099
Transportation
Big Daddy Taxi: 324-9461
Capital Area Transportation Authority (CATA)
Local Bus System: 394-1000
Rural Services: 1-800-322-1390
SpecTran (for those with disabilities): 394-6230
Christian Services- provides referrals to area churches that assist with transportation: 394-5411
Dean Transportation - transportation for special needs children: 694-3957
Greyhound AHomefree@ - free tickets for runaways: 1-800-621-4000
Harvest House - bus tokens, will arrange transportation for shelter resident children to keep them in original school district: 487-3090
Salvation Army- bus tokens for homeless persons: 484-4424
Spartan- Yellow Cab: 482-1444
Work First! Program- contact your FIA caseworker or FIA at 887-9400
Utilities
Try to work out a payment plan with your utility company first. You will have to have a shut- off notice to apply for assistance at FIA. If FIA gives you a denial letter, or will pay for only a portion of your bill, you may be able to receive assistance from another agency.
Board of Water and Light: 371-6006
Capital Area Community Services: 393-7077
Consumer=s Energy: 373-6100
Ingham Family Independence Agency: 887-9400
Salvation Army People Care - help with Consumer=s Power: 484-4424
Thank You
Thank you to all the survivors who persevered for their own sake, for their children=s sake, and to show others that it can be done. Thank you to the service providers who helped them along the way, and continue to provide comprehensive services to this day. We still have a long way to go. Thank you to all the agencies that we borrowed literature from to compile this handbook. We hope we gave you all credit.
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